Driving in China

Table of Contents  How City Traffic Actually Works Countryside Driving: Different Problems City vs. Countryside: Quick Breakdown Getting a Chinese Driver’s License Traffic Fines and the 12-Point System E-Bikes and Vulnerable Road Users: The Real Danger Defensive Driving Is Mandatory, Not Optional Ride-Hailing and Navigation Apps Common Delays and How to Avoid Them Paying for Parking and Tolls Staying Safe as a Pedestrian Public Transport Payment What I Learned Driving Here Common Mistakes Foreigners Make E-Bike Safety for Riders What to Do If You Get in an Accident Daily Driving Maintenance Tip   You need to understand one thing before you get behind the wheel to start driving in China or step off a curb: traffic here runs on an unwritten “biggest goes first” rule. Size and assertiveness matter more than painted lines or signals. Pedestrians sit at the bottom of this hierarchy. If you’re expecting drivers to yield at crosswalks, you’ll be waiting a long time—or worse, you’ll step out assuming they will and get clipped by a silent e-bike doing 30 kph. How City Traffic Actually Works   Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen—these cities jam multi-lane expressways with cars, buses, e-bikes, scooters, bicycles, and pedestrians all moving at once. Drivers change lanes without signaling. They honk constantly, not out of anger but to announce their presence. Merging is aggressive; hesitation gets you stuck. You’ll see vehicles on sidewalks, pedestrians jaywalking mid-block, and e-bikes running red lights while loaded with furniture or children. Traffic cameras are everywhere, but enforcement focuses on clear violations like speeding or running reds in a car. Informal behavior—sudden stops, U-turns in traffic, reversing on highways to catch a missed exit—happens daily. Peak congestion hits 7-9 AM and 5-7 PM. Average speeds in Shanghai drop to 10-15 kph during rush hour, even though only 20% of trips are by car. Beijing restricts driving based on license plate numbers (last digit determines banned days each week), so check the rules for your rental or borrowed vehicle before you head out. English signs appear on major expressways and arterial roads, but smaller streets and alleys use Chinese-only signage. Google Maps doesn’t work here. Download Gaode Map (AutoNavi) or Baidu Maps before you arrive. The interface will be in Chinese unless you switch settings, but you can follow the route line and icons even without reading characters. Countryside Driving: Different Problems Rural roads range from smooth expressways with service areas every 50-100 km to narrow, unpaved tracks where you share space with tractors, livestock, and pedestrians walking in the roadway. Signage is almost entirely in the local language, so recognizing Chinese road signs is critical. Fuel stations can be sparse—sometimes 100+ km apart in remote areas like Xinjiang or Tibet. Traffic is lighter, but that doesn’t mean safer. Drivers in rural areas often ignore lane markings (if they exist), pass on blind curves, and treat two-lane roads as flexible space. Enforcement is less consistent, so you’ll encounter more vehicles driving against traffic, stopping without warning, or reversing in dangerous spots. Weather matters more here. Sudden fog, rain, or snow can turn roads slippery or impassable. Many rural routes lack lighting, and you’ll encounter unlit bicycles, pedestrians in dark clothing, and vehicles with broken taillights at night. Animals—dogs, chickens, goats—wander onto roads without warning. Farm vehicles move slowly and unpredictably. If you’re planning a long rural drive, prepare for delays and carry extra fuel if possible. Tolls on expressways cost about 0.4-0.6 RMB per kilometer and require WeChat Pay or Alipay—cash and foreign credit cards won’t work at most toll booths. City vs. Countryside: Quick Breakdown   Aspect Cities (Beijing, Shanghai, etc.) Countryside Traffic Density Constant congestion, mixed vehicles, pedestrians Lighter, but includes tractors, animals, slow-moving bikes Road Quality Multi-lane expressways, well-paved city streets Variable—paved highways to dirt tracks; some potholed Signage Major routes have English; side streets Chinese-only Almost entirely Chinese; translation app essential Hazards E-bikes, sudden lane changes, pedestrians ignoring signals Animals, weather, unlit obstacles, blind curves Enforcement Dense camera networks, plate restrictions, parking fines Less policing; informal driving habits more common Services Fuel stations, repair shops, tolls everywhere Sparse services; plan fuel stops; long gaps between exits Getting a Chinese Driver’s License   China doesn’t recognize International Driving Permits. You need a Chinese license to drive legally. Three options exist depending on your situation: Temporary Chinese Driver’s License (Short-Term Visitors) If you hold a valid foreign license and you’re staying briefly, this is the fastest route. You submit your foreign license with an official Chinese translation and notarization. Processing can take as little as 10 minutes depending on the city and the DMV (called a Vehicle Management Office here). The temporary permit is valid nationwide for a short period—usually 3 months. No exam required. You’ll need: Valid foreign driver’s license Passport and visa Official translation and notarization (services handle this; expect to pay 300-500 RMB) Passport photos (bring extras) A local address or hotel registration China Driver’s License Conversion (Long-Term, Foreign License Holders) If you already have a foreign license and plan to stay longer, you can obtain a China driver’s license conversion for a permit valid for 6-10 years. You take the Subject 1 theory exam—100 multiple-choice questions available in English and other languages. Passing score is 90%. No road test required. Processing takes about 5 days. You’ll need the same documents as the temporary license, plus a medical exam from an approved clinic (vision, hearing, basic physical—costs around 50-100 RMB). Services that help with this process provide study materials and book your exam slot. China Driver’s License Exam (No Foreign License) If you don’t hold a foreign license, you start from scratch. You take the Subject 1 theory exam (same as conversion). No road test required for most applicants. Processing takes about 15 days. The license is valid for 10 years nationwide. You’ll need: Passport and valid visa (check visa type—some tourist visas don’t allow license applications) Local address registration Medical exam Exam booking and study materials (services provide these) Services that handle this

Table of Contents  How Traffic Actually Works: Pragmatic Chaos, Not Anarchy E-Bikes: 300 Million Reasons You Need to Pay Attention Legal Framework: What You Actually Need to Drive or Ride Practical Safety Tips by Road User Type Case Study: Hangzhou’s Helmet Regulation Success What This Means for First-Time Visitors FAQ   Foreign drivers lose their nerve at Chinese intersections because nobody taught them the real rules. Traffic lights are suggestions. E-bikes materialize from nowhere. Pedestrians cross without looking. If you rely on what worked back home, you’ll freeze up or cause an accident. This guide covers what actually happens on Chinese roads—the “biggest goes first” mentality, why e-bikes ride wherever they want, and how to drive, walk, or cycle without constant panic. How Traffic Actually Works: Pragmatic Chaos, Not Anarchy   Chinese traffic runs on negotiation, not blind rule-following. Larger, faster vehicles take priority. A bus will edge into your lane; you yield. A car turning right won’t stop for you at a crosswalk; you wait or risk getting clipped. Speed limits exist but flex based on flow. Horns aren’t angry—they’re constant communication, though you must be mindful of no-honking zones. A tap means “I’m here.” A long blast means “move.” Silence means the driver didn’t see you, which is worse. Minor rule-bending keeps things moving. Delivery riders run reds during gaps. Taxis stop mid-lane to pick up fares. Pedestrians jaywalk into bike lanes without a glance. Everyone expects everyone else to adapt in real time. Pedestrians: You Have No Automatic Right of Way Don’t assume cars will stop. Make eye contact with drivers before stepping into the street. If they’re looking at their phone or accelerating, they won’t yield. Crossing in groups helps—you’re harder to ignore. Solo pedestrians get squeezed by right-turning vehicles that treat reds as optional. A 2019 WHO report noted that e-bike riders accounted for 13.8% of road traffic deaths and 17.4% of injuries, with many collisions involving pedestrians caught off-guard. Electric scooters approach silently. On sidewalks, hug the building-side edge because e-bikes will zoom past you from behind without warning. Regional Differences: Beijing vs. Shenzhen Beijing and Shanghai enforce traffic rules more strictly due to their visibility as national showcases. You’ll see dedicated bus lanes, fenced bike paths, and occasional police checkpoints for helmets. Shenzhen and Guangzhou have denser e-bike populations and looser enforcement. Shenzhen has 5.5 million registered e-bikes across 1,997 square kilometers—2,754 per square kilometer compared to Beijing’s 305, according to China Daily. That density means constant lane-mixing. Delivery riders weave through cars, sidewalks, and bike lanes interchangeably. Expect chaos at intersections during morning and evening peaks. In Guangzhou, e-bikes frequently ride against traffic in bike lanes—a head-on risk that doesn’t happen as often in Beijing’s wider, barrier-separated lanes. E-Bikes: 300 Million Reasons You Need to Pay Attention   China has approximately 300 million e-bikes, and they’re everywhere—bike lanes, car lanes, sidewalks, even highway on-ramps occasionally. Legally, they’re capped at 25 km/h and classified as non-motorized vehicles. In reality, many are modified to hit 60 km/h, and riders treat lanes as optional. From 2013-2017, e-bikes caused over 56,000 crashes and 8,000 fatalities nationwide. Between 2007-2022, e-bike accidents rose 3.5 times while overall road casualties fell 34.5%, reaching 13.8% of 3.2 million total casualties in 2022. Head injuries caused 75% of e-bike rider deaths in 2019. Where Accidents Happen Most 81% of Shenzhen’s e-bike accidents occurred in mixed motorized lanes last year, not in bike lanes. This happens because non-motorized lanes are either absent, too narrow, or blocked by parked cars and street vendors. Riders spill into car traffic, then dart back to sidewalks when it’s convenient. Migrant workers—often delivery riders—are overrepresented in accident stats. They ride longer hours, take more risks to meet deadlines, and frequently lack helmets. Urban centers and suburban fringes see the highest crash rates due to mixed infrastructure and volume. Common Violations You’ll See Daily E-bike riders routinely: Ride in motorized lanes when bike lanes exist Proceed through red lights during traffic gaps Weave between stopped cars at intersections Ride on sidewalks, scattering pedestrians Carry passengers (illegal in many cities) Ride the wrong way in bike lanes Shenzhen police handled 1.4 million e-bike infractions from January-July 2024, up 10.4% year-over-year. That’s enforcement activity, not actual violation rates—most infractions go unchecked. Lu Jinlong, Vice Chairman of the China Bicycle Association, told Sixth Tone, “E-bikes themselves don’t make trouble. Accidents happen because riders break traffic rules.” The culture tolerates these violations because banning e-bikes would force people into cars, worsening congestion and pollution. Legal Framework: What You Actually Need to Drive or Ride   For Drivers International Driving Permits (IDPs) and foreign licenses don’t work in mainland China. You need a Chinese temporary permit or converted license. Short-term visitors: Get a Chinese temporary driver’s license. Some services offer same-day issuance without a theory exam if you hold a valid foreign license. You’ll need your passport, visa, foreign license, translation, and a health certificate. Long-term residents: Convert your foreign license by passing the Subject 1 theory exam (100 questions, Chinese traffic law, 90% to pass). This typically takes 5 days if you use a licensed service. You’ll surrender your foreign license during the process. China relies on a 12-point driving license system. Start with 12 points; violations deduct points. Run out, and your license suspends until you retake exams. Foreigners face the same fines, point deductions, and potential detention as locals for serious infractions. For E-Bike Riders E-bikes must be registered in most cities. Riders need to: Wear helmets (mandatory in cities like Hangzhou, Nanjing, Shenzhen; fines for non-compliance) Use bike lanes or the rightmost vehicle lane if no bike lane exists Obey traffic signals Avoid sidewalks unless specifically marked for bikes Licensing isn’t required for standard e-bikes under 25 km/h, but faster models may trigger moped classification, requiring a license. Enforcement varies—Hangzhou cracked down hard in 2020, while smaller cities barely check. Liu Daizong of the World Resources Institute China Sustainable Transport told China Dialogue, “Electric bicycles themselves aren’t evil…